Theories of the Causes of Black Holes

Theories of the Causes of Black Holes Black Holes The phrase â€Å"black holes† is introduced to scientific world not by a physicist but a journalist, Ann Ewing in 1964, who made a report on a meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (Ewing, 1964). Some elegant French argued that the phrase has annoying sexual insinuation. After that, the famous physics John Wheeler spread the â€Å"black holes† widely in physics and the public view. Actually the concept of an object so massive that even the light can’t be escaped is proposed by Michell (1783), as well as by Laplace (Gillispie, 2000) But this idea was so radical at that time when the light was thought to be massless. The golden age of black holes came along with the establishment of the generally relativity by A. Einstein (OConnor, 1996). Schwarzschild and Droste solved the Einstein field equations independently and a solution describing a point mass was found (Schwarzchild, 1916; Droste, 1917). The properties of the black holes are dev eloped and explained by a group of important works. G. Lemaitre and R. Oppenheimer have interpreted the singularity (Hooft, 2009; Ruffini, 1971). The event horizon is defined as a boundary inspace and time, inside which an event can’t be observed by the outsider (Wheeler, 2007). The no-hair theory of the black hole is completed by the work of Carter (1971), Israel (1967) and Robinson (1975), declaring that a stationary black hole can be described by only three parameters: the mass, the charge and the angular momentum. The black hole thermodynamics is interpreted by Bardeen et al. (1973). In order to get a direct physical picture of a black hole, an illustration of a non-spinning black hole is given. Based on mathematically solution, a non-spinning black hole possesses a spherically symmetric boundary, which is also the event horizon. The center of the non-spinning black hole is a singularity where the gravitational forces become infinite. The distance between the singularity and the event horizon is called the Schwarzschild radius. The surface gravity of a stationary black hole is constant over the event horizon. One thing to be noted, it is impossible by any procedure, no matter how idealized, to reduce the surface gravity to zero by a finite sequence of operations. Aphoton sphere, the radius of which is 1.5 times of the Schwarzschild radius, is a  spherical  special region where  gravity  forces the  photons  to travel in orbits. Generally the black hole is classified to four groups according to their mass: micro, stellar, intermediate-mass and super ma ssive black hole. Generally the size of a black hole is approximately proportional to its mass, the heavier of a black hole, the bigger of its size. A black hole with mass of 1000 times of solar mass has a radius like the earth. The formation of a black hole is a mystery. Einstein thought that the exotic object, like black holes, would not exist in nature even there are such solutions to Einstein gravitationalfield equations. However, more and more theoretical calculations and even important astronomical observations have proved that Einstein is wrong. Most astrophysicists have reached an agreement that the formation of a black hole usually evolves many stages. First the primary process of the evolution is the gravitational collapse, which is usually occurs after the death of a heavy object, like stars. When a star doesn’t have enough â€Å"fuel† to keep its temperature through nuclearreaction or the star is keeping absorbing matters around it by universalgravitation. After the collapse, if the mass of leftover exceeds over 3 to 4 times of solar mass, it has an opportunity to form a black hole. The second stage is the formation of the event horizon, which is also the way to distinguish the blac k holes and other forms of objects, such as neutron stars, which are also a result of the gravitational collapse. Thanks to the work of Kerr (2009), who proved that the event horizon could be physical not just mathematical. According to the black holes thermodynamics, the area of the event horizon of each black hole does not decrease with time. After the presence of the event horizon, a singularity will form in a black hole (Penrose, 1965). This is considered to be the third stage. A black hole can continually grow up by absorbing the matters and interstellar dust or even merges with other stars or black holes. This is considered to be a way to super massive black holes. The last stage of black holes is the evaporation. If the Hawking’s theory can be verified, a black hole is not totally black but emits its thermal radiation with a quite small quantity. This means that a black hole would loss its mass by Hawking radiation (Parikh, 2000) and vanishes eventually. Simulation res ults show that a small black hole owns very strong emission effects. The Hawking radiation will be discussed in details. Once the scientific world accepts the concept of black holes, a question is launched: are the black holes keep growing and expanding? Hawking says no! By applying quantum field theory into a stationary black hole background, he found that a black hole should radiate particles like a black body near the event horizon (Hawking, 1974). Physical picture to this bizarre phenomenon is the radiation is not come from the black holes directly, but the results of particle-antiparticle formation just beyond the event horizon. Specifically, a particle-antiparticle pair generated from the vacuum fluctuations appears close to the event horizon. One of the pair escapes forms the boundary while another one falls into it (Droste, 1917). Another interesting question is: how can be detected a black hole where even light can’t escape? The direct way is to probing the Hawking radiation, unfortunately the simulation results show that the Hawking radiation is too small to be detected from the Earth. In 2008 NASA launched the Fermi Gammar-ray Space Telescope to search the Hawking radiation which is strong in the last stage of a black hole (Naeye, 2008). Beyond the detection of Hawking radiation. Many indirect approaches to detecting black holes are proposed and realized by astrophysicists. The X-ray binaries, a binary star system, emit bright X-ray spectrum. The XUV radiation is generally considered to be caused by a compact star being accreting interstellar gas and dust. The presence of the X-ray binary gives an opportunity to locating a black hole. In 1999, Celotti reported the existence of the sofr X-ray transients and predicted that a black hole may be formed in the region (Celotti, 1999). Still more data and needed to verify this finding. Another way to detect a black hole is based on the massive gravitational effect caused by the black holes. On candidate is the gravitational lens effect which deforms the space structure to bend the light as if a lens. The way to observe the gravitational lens effect is to observe the orbit of a star near the vicinity of a black hole. The evidence of the black holes caused gravitational lens i s found by Bozza et al. (2010) around Sagittarius A*. A widely accepted view is that a super massive black holes exists in nearly the center of every galaxy, not just active ones. When an observer is falling into a black hole, what kind of experience would he have? Theorists argue that if another observer out of the black holes tries to describe the falling one he should never be able to cross the horizon. This means, the falling one should take infinite time to cross the event horizon if he were not torn apart by tidal forces even before reaching the horizon. On the other hand, for this observer falling across the event horizon, he takes only a finite proper time in his own coordinate. However, he will not find any Hawking radiation. In fact this paradox comes from the contradiction between the general gravitational theory and the quantum mechanism. The two theories are successful in their own regions, general gravitational theory for cosmic and the quantum mechanism for atomic particles, but they can’t fit each other. The funny thing is that Einstein is against the quantum mechanism even he is one of the founders to it and even he was rewarded the Nob ile Prize for his important work in quantum mechanism. Until now this is still an open question to the theoretical and astronomical physicists. The black holes attract attentions both from scientists and the public. At first, it is only a mathematical expression for a special space time structure where nothing can be escape from it and described in scientific fictions. However with the appearances of more and more indirect evidences, it turns out to be reality with certain possibility. From scientific view of point, the black holes own unique properties and components, such as singularity, the event horizon, Hawking radiation. The black holes can provide particular physical conditions where new physical laws and principles can be verified. The researches on black holes push the frontier of astronomy, including worm holes, interstellar travel between stars, cosmic settlement. Fortunately we have plenty of time, maybe millions of years. References Bardeen, J. M. et al. (1973). The four laws of black hole mechanics. Communication Mathematical Physics, Vol. 31. pp. 161-170. Bozza, V. (2010). Gravitational lensing by black holes.General Relativity and Gravitation, Vol. 42. No.42. pp. 2269–2300. Carter, B. (1971). Axisymmetric black hole has only two degrees of freedom. Physical Review Letters  Vol. 26. No. 6. pp.331-333. Celotti, A.; Miller, J. C.; Sciama, D. W. (1999). Astrophysical evidence for the existence of black holes.Classical and Quantum Gravity,  Vol. 16. No.12. pp. A3–A21. Droste, J.(1917). On the field of a single centre in Einsteins theory of gravitation, and the motion of a particle in that field.  Proceedings Royal Academy Amsterdam, Vol.19.No. 1. pp. 197–215. Droste, J.(2009). On the field of a single centre in Einsteins theory of gravitation, and the motion of a particle in that field.  Proceedings Royal Academy Amsterdam,Vol. 19. No.1. pp.197–215. Gillispie, C., Laplace, P. (2000). 1749–1827: a life in exact science. Princeton University Press. Hawking, S. W. (1974). Black hole explosions?  Nature,Vol. 248.No. 5443. pp. 30–31. Hooft, G.t. (2009). Introduction to the theory of black holes. Institute for Theoretical Physics / Spinoza Institute. pp.47–48. Israel, W. (1967). Event Horizons in Static Vacuum Space-Times.Physical Review  Vol. 164. No. 5. pp. 1776-1779. Kerr, R. P. (2009). The Kerr and Kerr-Schild metrics. Spacetime. Cambridge University Press. Michell, J. (1784).  Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, No.74. pp. 35–57. Naeye, R.(2008). Testing fundamental physics. NASA. OConnor, J.J., and Robertson, E.F. (1996). General relativity.University of St. Andrews, Scotland. Parikh, M., Wilczek, F. (2000). Hawking radiation as tunneling. Physical Review Letters, No. 26. No. 21. pp. 1344-1346. Penrose, R.(1965). Gravitational collapse and space-time singularities. Physical Review Letters,Vol. 14. No.3. pp. 57-59. Quinion, M.(2008).  Black Hole.World Wide Words. Robinson, D. (1975). Uniqueness of the Kerr black hole.  Physical Review Letters,Vol. 34. No. 14. pp. 905-906. Ruffini, R.;Wheeler, J. A.(1971). Introducing the black hole.Physics Today,Vol. 24No. 1. pp. 30–41. Schwarzschild, K.(1916). ÃÅ"ber das gravitationsfeld eines massenpunktes nach der Einsteinschen theorie.Sitzungsberichte der Kà ¶niglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften,No. 7. pp. 189–196. Wheeler, J. Craig. (2007).  Cosmic catastrophes. Cambridge University Press.

Low Visibility Essay

The short story â€Å"Low Visibility† by Margaret Murphy is a fictional story, which deals with many topics, such as violence, love, hate, oppression, and right and wrong and the story is told by an un ­instructed and omniscient 3. person narrator who tells the story as it unfolds. The plot takes off in medias res as we are thrown into a scene where Laura’s husband John is watch ­ing television without any introduction. The structure in the story lets us jump a bit back and forth between two settings, as we are shown what is happening in the streets though Johns television, while we are also following the main characters in the apartment. So the story unfolds two places: the streets and John and Laura’s apartment. The setting shows that Laura and John does not have a lot of money, and are probably low class or low middle class because they live in an apartment above a shop, which is not normally a location those people would choose to live. There is also smaller details that support this, like the fact that John wears boots inside, and John feels that his wife should not be trusted with anything of value, which might be an indication that they don’t really have many things of value. The title â€Å"Low Visibility† is a synonymous of Laura. She does not have anything to say at home, and she is John submissive. Margaret Murphy plays on this pun, by letting Laura feel invisible to her very filling husband, John. At the end of the story, Laura walks outside and joins the people of low visibility. Thereby she gets over John, and she does not want him to be a part of her life any more. Margaret Murphy shows this by now referring to her by her real name. We don’t hear a lot of factual stuff about Laura, how she looks and so on, but we do know a lot about her character. She used to be a happy, out going person and now her husband has squeezed the spirits out her( P.8 l.19-24). Laura is now a humble, nervous, humourless, unhappy and very submissive person: â€Å"Better that he hurt her absent-mindedly, as a man might puncture and tear at the rim of a polystyrene cup. It comforts her that there is no malice in it. She has learned to find solace in small things.(p. 9 l. 49-51) From this, it is obvious that their marriage is deeply dysfunctional. â€Å" People say he’s light on his feet for a big man, but he never was so with her. When he walked all over her, she felt it.†(P. l. 105-106). The sentence clearly describes their marriage pretty much. He doesn’t know how to love and she can’t stand up for herself. When he is described as a big man, it also symbolizes how he is both verbally and physically abusive and more in control than her. John as young he was always the outsider. The sort of person who always slouched at the edge of a group, eager to be a part of it, but never really was accepted and respected by the others. And exactly this depressing role was the reason for his and Laura’s marriage in the first place. She wanted to help him, to teach him how to interact with others socially. And he was hoping for about the same; that her popularity would make him popular too: â€Å"He thought that her good humour would seep into him, breaching the walls of his defences, that happiness was something that could be absorbed, as a plant takes in water, by osmosis.†(P. 8 l.19-22) Yet it did not work out the way they planned. He simply didn’t have the abilities: â€Å"He hadn’t the in ­telligence for wit or the disposition for contentment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ( P. 22-24) The masses in the street are revolting because of some sort of oppression even though it is not said directly in the text what they are protesting against, and like he doesn’t have the intelligence to un ­derstand his wife, neither does he understand the people in the street:†What are they protesting about?’ John demands. â€Å"Their own shitty lives?’’(p. 8 l. 14). The riots are like Laura, just in a big ­ger scale. Because John does not understand this, he goes down to the store to fight off all of the looters, to strangle their protest like he strangled her spirit, but when he is beaten up and is lying on the ground, Laura sees that he is just a man, a man who feels afraid. Laura realizes that a person has ability to change. She is revived. â€Å"She feels herself returning – the particles of herself that her hus ­band caused to flee are returning into her† (P12 l. 161-163). She considers killing him with a brick, but chooses the Tigers Eye instead which is placed in her other hand. The Tigers Eye symbolizes that she is focus, patience like a tiger who concentrates on its desire. In this case, Laura’s desire is to be free. The most important is the importance of fighting for your rights and freedom. Laura’s marriage has reduced her to a simple object with no liberty or human rights. As the story however approaches, she realizes that she will have to stand up against her husband, if she wants the situation changed. When Laura walks away, she walks away to be invisible again, to join the invisible people (P. 12 l. 173). She fight oppression and changed the situation, like it is naturally to fight oppression. Some ­times you need a little push like Laura did, but essentially it is inevitable. It secures human survival, and it secured her mental survival. â€Å"A window explodes behind her, sending cascades of glass, mu ­sical, deadly, to the pavement. Laura is unharmed† (P. 12 l .78)

Exam 2

BIOS102- 250  Fall  2012  Sample  Second  Exam MULTIPLE  CHOICE. Choose  the  one  alternative  that  best  completes  the  statement  or  answers  the  question. 1) Which  of  the  following  statements  describes  NAD + ? A) In  the  absence  of  NAD + ,  glycolysis  can  still  function. B) NAD+   is  reduced  to  NADH  during  glycolysis,  pyruvate  oxidation,  and  the  citric  acid  cycle. C) NAD+   can  donate  electrons  for  use  in  oxidative  phosphorylation. D) NAD+   has  more  chemical  energy  than  NADH. E) NAD+   is  oxidized  by  the  action  of  hydrogenases. ) During  glycolysis,  when  each  molecule  of  glucose  is  catabolized  to  two  molecules  of  pyruvate,  most  of  the potential  energy  contained  in  glucose  is A) stored  in  the  NADH  produced. B) transferred  directl y  to  ATP. C) transferred  to  ADP,  forming  ATP. D) retained  in  the  two  pyruvates. E) used  to  phosphorylate  fructose  to  form  fructose  6 – phosphate. 3) Starting  with  one  molecule  of  glucose,  the  energy – containing  products  of  glycolysis  are A) 6  CO2 ,  30  ATP,  and  2  pyruvate. B) 2  NAD+ ,  2  pyruvate,  and  2  ATP. C) 6  CO2 ,  2  ATP,  and  2  pyruvate. D) 2  FADH2 ,  2  pyruvate,  and  4  ATP. E) 2  NADH,  2  pyruvate,  and  2  ATP. ) Why  is  glycolysis  described  as  having  an  investment  phase  and  a  payoff  phase? A) It  uses  stored  ATP  and  then  forms  a  net  increase  in  ATP. B) It  both  splits  molecules  and  assembles  molecules. C) It  uses  glucose  and  generates  pyruvate. D) It  attaches  and  detaches  phosphate  group s. E) It  shifts  molecules  from  cytosol  to  mitochondrion. 5) The  primary  role  of  oxygen  in  cellular  respiration  is  to A) combine  with  lactate,  forming  pyruvate. B) yield  energy  in  the  form  of  ATP  as  it  is  passed  down  the  respiratory  chain. C) act  as  an  acceptor  for  electrons  and  hydrogen,  forming  water. D) combine  with  carbon,  forming  CO 2 .E) catalyze  the  reactions  of  glycolysis. 6) In  liver  cells,  the  inner  mitochondrial  membranes  are  about  five  times  the  area  of  the  outer  mitochondrial membranes. What  purpose  must  this  serve? A) It  increases  the  surface  for  oxidative  phosphorylation. B) It  allows  for  an  increased  rate  of  glycolysis. C) It  increases  the  surface  for  substrate – level  phosphorylation. D) It  allo ws  the  liver  cell  to  have  fewer  mitochondria. E) It  allows  for  an  increased  rate  of  the  citric  acid  cycle. 1 7) In  the  absence  of  oxygen,  yeast  cells  can  obtain  energy  by  fermentation,  resulting  in  the  production  of A) ATP,  pyruvate,  and  acetyl  CoA.B) ATP,  CO2 ,  and  lactate. C) ATP,  NADH,  and  pyruvate. D) ATP,  pyruvate,  and  oxygen. E) ATP,  CO2 ,  and  ethanol  (ethyl  alcohol). 8) Phosphofructokinase  is  an  allosteric  enzyme  that  catalyzes  the  conversion  of  fructose  6 – phosphate  to  fructose 1,6- bisphosphate,  an  early  step  of  glycolysis. In  the  presence  of  oxygen,  an  increase  in  the  amount  of  ATP  in  a cell  would  be  expected  to A) inhibit  the  enzyme  and  thus  increase  the  rates  of  glycolysis  and   the  citric  acid  cycle. B) activate  the  enzyme  and  thus  slow  the  rates  of  glycolysis  and  the  citric  acid  cycle. C) inhibit  the  enzyme  and  thus  slow  the  rates  of  glycolysis  and  the  citric  acid  cycle.D) inhibit  the  enzyme  and  thus  increase  the  rate  of  glycolysis  and  the  concentra tion  of  citrate. E) activate  the  enzyme  and  increase  the  rates  of  glycolysis  and  the  citric  acid  cycle. 9) Which  of  the  events  listed  below  occurs  in  the  light  reactions  of  photosynthesis? A) Carbon  dioxide  is  incorporated  into  PGA. B) NADP  is  produced. C) Light  is  absorbed  and  funneled  to  reaction – center  chlorophyll  a. D) ATP  is  phosphorylated  to  yield  ADP. E) NADPH  is  reduced  to  NADP + . 10) Which  of  the  following   statements  best  describes  the  relationship  between  photosynthesis  and  respiration?A) Respiration  is  anabolic  and  photosynthesis  is  catabolic. B) ATP  molecules  are  produced  in  photosynthesis  and  used  up  in  respiration. C) Photosynthesis  stores  energy  in  complex  organic  molecules,  whereas  respiration  releases  it. D) Photosynthesis  occurs  only  in  plants  and  respiration  occurs  only  in  animals. E) Respiration  runs  the  biochemical  pathways  of  photosynthesis  in  reverse. 11) In  thylakoids,  protons  travel  through  ATP  synthase  from  the  thylakoid  space  to  the  stroma. Therefore,  the catalytic  ? knobs? of  ATP  synthase  would  be  located A) on  the  ATP  molecules  themselves.B) built  into  the  center  of  the  thylakoid  stack  (granum). C) on  the  pi gment  molecules  of  photosystem  I  and  photosystem  II. D) on  the  stromal  side  of  the  membrane. E) on  the  side  facing  the  thylakoid  space. 12) What  is  the  primary  function  of  the  Calvin  cycle? A) use  ATP  to  release  carbon  dioxide B) use  NADPH  to  release  carbon  dioxide C) synthesize  simple  sugars  from  carbon  dioxide D) split  water  and  release  oxygen E) transport  RuBP  out  of  the  chloroplast 2 13) Photorespiration  occurs  when  rubisco  reacts  RuBP  with A) 3 – phosphoglycerate. B) CO 2 . C) O2 . D) glyceraldehyde  3 – phosphate. E) NADPH. 4) Compared  to  C 3   plants,  C 4   plants A) make  a  four- carbon  compound,  oxaloacetate,  which  is  then  delivered  to  the  citric  acid  cycle  in mitochondria. B) have  higher  rates  of  photorespiration. C) can   continue  to  fix  CO 2   even  at  relatively  low  CO2 concentrations  and  high  oxygen  concentrations. D) grow  better  under  cool,  moist  conditions. E) do  not  use  rubisco  for  carbon  fixation. 15) Taxol  is  an  anticancer  drug  extracted  from  the  Pacific  yew  tree. In  animal  cells,  Taxol  disrupts  microtubule formation  by  binding  to  microtubules  and  accelerating  their  assembly  from  the  protein  precursor,  tubulin. Surprisingly,  this  stops  mitosis.Specifically,  Taxol  must  affect A) the  formation  of  the  mitotic  spindle. B) the  S  phase  of  the  cell  cycle. C) formation  of  the  centrioles. D) chromatid  assembly. E) anaphase. 16) Measurements  of  the  amount  of  DNA  per  nucleus  were  taken  on  a  large  number  of  cells  from  a  growing fungus. The  measured  DNA  levels  ranged  from  3  to  6  picograms  per  nucleus. In  which  stage  of  the  cell  cycle did  the  nucleus  contain  6  picograms  of  DNA? A) G1 B) G0 C) M D) S E) G2 17) What  is  a  cleavage  furrow? A) a  ring  of  vesicles  forming  a  cell  plate B) the  metaphase  plate  where  chromosomes  attach  to  the  spindle C) the  separation  of  divided  prokaryotesD) the  space  that  is  created  between  two  chromatids  during  anaphase E) a  groove  in  the  plasma  membrane  between  daughter  nuclei 18) Which  of  the  following  describe(s)  cyclin- dependent  kinase  (Cdk)? A) Cdk  is  present  throughout  the  cell  cycle  and  is  an  enzyme  that  attaches  phosphate  groups  to  other proteins. B) Cdk  is  inactive,  or  ? turned  off,? in  the  presence  of   cyclin. C) Cdk  is  an  enzyme  that  attaches  phosphate  groups  to  other  proteins. D) Cdk  is  inactive,  or  ? turned  off,? in  the  presence  of  cyclin  and  it  is  present  throughout  the  cell  cycle.E) Cdk  is  present  throughout  the  cell  cycle. 3 19) Why  do  neurons  and  some  other  specialized  cells  divide  infrequently? A) They  no  longer  carry  receptors  for  signal  molecules. B) They  no  longer  have  active  nuclei. C) They  have  been  shunted  into  G 0 . D) They  can  no  longer  bind  Cdk  to  cyclin. E) They  show  a  drop  in  MPF  concentration. 20) For  a  chemotherapeutic  drug  to  be  useful  for  treating  cancer  cells,  which  of  the  following  is  most  desirable? A) It  only  attacks  cells  that  are  density  dependent. B) It  interferes  with  cells  entering  G0 . C) It  interferes  with  rapidly  dividing  cells. Exam 2

The Democrats And The Whigs Were Polar Opposites Essay

Time Period 4 Study Guide 1. The Democrats and the Whigs were polar opposites of each other and believed strongly in different aspects of the federal government, economy, and state. The Whigs were mainly a conservative group which believed in a strong active government that protected industry through tariffs and wanted internal improvements such as canals, railroads, and telegraph lines as well as to promote public education. The Whigs also favored both Northern and Southern manufacturing and agriculture but did not like the concept of slavery and wished to abolish it. The Democrats on the other hand favored a state government over a federal government and believed in agriculture and slave labor over industry. The Democrats believed that the government should leave business alone, neither hindering it nor helping it. 2. The factors that contributed to the Second Great Awakening can be attributed to a reaction against rationalism which is the belief in human reason. Essentially being a Protestant revival movement, Baptists and Methodists led the movement as preachers. The Second Great Awakening focused on reviving religion before the Second Coming of God which was believed to be when the world was supposed to end. Overall the world did not end like it was predicted to, however the effects of the Second Great Awakening affected women as it gave them more status in society as well as a purpose. 3. The growth of a New American culture was instigated through the works of theShow MoreRelatedThe Democratic Party And Jacksonian Democracy738 Words   |  3 Pagesgovernment, economics, and politics. The Second Party System emerged after the Democratic and Whig parties came to power in America. The development of this party system was prompted by the clashing philosophies about individual rights, government control, and land acquisition. Despite both parties being equally prevalent in America, the Democratic Party flourished and was drastically much more successful than the Whig Party at impacting the nation. Between 1824 and 1828, with the support of AndrewRead MoreLincoln versus Douglas: One Mans Fall is Another Mans Rise Essay example2094 Words   |  9 Pagesbattle of dialect, rhetoric and moral justification. The two adversaries differed in partisanship, political success, height, methods of Government action, and most of all morality of what is right. Although the candidates presented polar opposites visions for America, they were similar in their dynamic display of debating. Both men possessed eloquence in their speeches and disposition. The debates consisted of seven encounters throughout Illinois. After one-hundred and fifty years, the historical significanceRead MoreThe Best President in American History: Abraham Lincoln Essay example3532 Words   |  15 Pagesâ€Å"whole† man, who he really was and the enormous impact he was to have upon the lives of millions of people, the country of America and the world as a whole. What makes this man so extraordinary is not necessarily his accomplishments, which themselves were immense, but the fact that he achieved them in the face of hardship and frequent failure. His failures have even served as a model to inspire people to overcome great obstacles and life’s difficulties. He failed as a business man, a farmer and in

The Impact Of Shale Gas Revolution On Natural Gas From...

A crisis in global energy consumption has been increasingly discussed in many world energy forums which concern in the diminishing of fossil fuel and natural gas. Consequently, the US government has attempted to seek a new resource to serve the global energy demand (SHAFIEE, 2009). The natural gas from shale formation, abundant resources in US, has been discovered for a long time but there is no efficient method to extract the natural gas from this formation. Moreover, the route to convey the large amount of shale gas is one of our challenge that must be safe for human and environment, and it should be a low cost technique as well (ARMOR, 2013). Furthermore, the impact of shale gas revolution should be realized in a consequence of local protesters at the drilling sites or people who are directly affected from the extraction projects. Therefore, the aims of this project are to describe the most feasible technique and the future prospects in natural gas from shale formation. 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The Starry Night By Vincent Van Gogh - 1633 Words

This paper attempts to present a discussion of Vincent van Gogh’s painting the Starry Night, in terms of his art style that lead people to interpret a different way of reality and the impact of that style subsequently on modern day artistic culture. Also, van Gogh’s late style that inherit his religious belief, his experience and his knowledge of astrology is also worth to mention that, as exhibited in this painting, had not only a direct artistic impact that inspire other artist to imitate it, but it also exercised an indirect way, which we might be called it as an ideological inspiration. The Starry Night was painted by Vincent van Gogh during his stay in hospital window at Saint-Rà ©my in 1889, one year before his death. Although the canvas painting with oil on held out multiple interpretations, van Gogh’s apparent theme is his communication of the vastness in his artwork. 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The Current External Industry Environment for Travel Agency Business in New Zealand free essay sample

Porter’s 5 Forces identifies the competitiveness and a balance of powers among the travel agency business industry (Michael, 2008). The key factors stated above would help investors to have a better understanding about the travel agency businesses in New Zealand. Introduction New Zealand is a vacation paradise attracting a great many travellers from all over the world. Given this great advantage of natural resources, travel agencies are needed to help local and foreign travellers to book flight tickets, arrange accommodations and tours. As travel agencies usually offer discounts and good services to customers, travellers prefer to book tours through agents rather than on their own (TAANZ, 2011). There are many existing successful travel agencies in New Zealand such as Flight Centre, Star Travel, Harvey Travel World and so on. Investors can either choose to by an existing franchise of the travel agencies or establish own business. No matter which way the investors are following, understanding the key information about the external travel agency businesses environment is essential for investors before putting money in the market. Discussion How profitable is it? Being profitable is a key factor for a business to keep competitive advantage in the travel agency industry. Therefore, financial reports of a company or the whole industry are 2 The current external industry environment for travel agency business in new zealand the fundamental information for the investors. Travel Agent Association of New Zealand (2003) indicated the profitability in a financial report in which travel agencies in New Zealand have a total proceeds around $2. 5 billion per annual. With the boom of New Zealand tourism, the figures would increase significantly in the next few years (TAANZ, 2003). Take Flight Centre as an example, the company estimated the net profit for the year is about $212 million in 2008(Northern Territory News, 2008). To make a comparison, the annual income of Flight Centre in 2008 almost covered the whole industry’s gain in 2003. Obviously, the with a large demand of travellers from New Zealand and other countries, there was and would be a great increase in profit for travel agencies based on the statistical figures (Medcalf, 2005). Therefore, investors could expect to see a great inflow of capital if they invest money to the travel agency industry. However, every agency is selling holiday packages with a low profit margin and they need a large number of customers to gain profits in order to survive in the market (Oppermann, 1999). So retaining customer loyalty is essential to keep profitable for every travel agency (Oppermann, 1999). The Booming Market Marketing Strategies Another economic factor need to be considered is Marketing. In a recent report, TAANZ (2011) showed that the total number of New Zealand travellers in 1986 was about 0. 5 million and the figure rose up to approximately 2 million in 2011. Therefore, based on the fast development tendency, there will be a large demand in travel agencies in the future. From the perspectives of companies, each agency has its own marketing strategies. For example, House of Travel focuses more on building overseas market. Through the online travel booking system, the agency has expanded the market into other countries like Australia and the U. S. (Medcalf, 2005). Customers do not have to go to stores waiting for the advisors’ suggestions. They simply search travel plans online and compare the fares through the website (Medcalf, 2005), which saves significant time for customers and reduces cost to companies. However, Flight Centre planned to set more stores to build its Students Flights brand in New Zealand (Boyes, 2010). Compared to other agencies, Flight Centre offers cheaper deal for students in order to grab more market shares (Boyes, 2010). By paying more 3 The current external industry environment for travel agency business in new zealand efforts on a new market segmentation, agencies can make specific strategies for this special group of customers such as offering more travel plans to students during school holidays. According to a report from New Zealand Tourism Board (2010), there was a shift from Mass Market Approach to Micro Market Approach, which means agencies tend to engage with their targeting customers and reduce the wastage rather than advertise in the mass market. In terms of the travel destinations, North America, South America, Asia and Oceania are attracting more tourists over the last 10 years, in contrast, European countries seem to be less attractive to New Zealanders (New Zealand Tourism Board, 2010). Based on this change, travel agencies have started shifting their targeting regions to more popular countries such as the U. S. , China and Australia. Therefore, each travel agency is keeping up with the market’s needs to satisfy their customers. Knowing the market movements helps investors to make decisions about what customers they are targeting and in which market they could gain more profit. Make better use of the internet As one of the Technological factors, information communication is also important to travel agencies. Using alternative communication technology with suppliers and consumers can make the workings more efficient (Cheyne, Downes, Legg, 2006). From the customers’ perspectives, they are able to compare each travel plans on the website. With pictures or videos, the plans are more visual and specific. In addition, the survey (Cheyne et al. 2006) indicated that most customers are aware of the services through both travel agents and internet, which means agencies with stores and online booking website are more preferred by the travellers. As regard the companies’ development strategies, there is an increasing number of agencies paying much efforts on building their webpages, which offers traveller s much more convenience when collecting information (Cheyne et al. , 2006). For example, House of Travel has been aware of the future development of online flight and accommodation booking systems, so they start merging the traditional stores with internet (Medcalf, 2005). Medcalf (2005) showed that previously customers would like to gather information from the agency advisors, however, in such a competitive market, companies 4 The current external industry environment for travel agency business in new zealand are trying to reduce the cost while attracting more customers. Therefore, making better use of the internet is one way to achieve the goals of the agencies. Balance of powers among the travel agency business industry Having a comprehensive understanding of the travel agency industry’s competitive environment will help the investors to make better decisions. Using Porter’s 5 Forces, we can conclude the balance of powers among the industry. Buyer power among the industry is high as there are a lot of travel agencies can be selected by customers. According to Michael’s report (2008) the buyers’ usually make decisions based on the price and convenience (Michael, 2008). Thus, the buyers have a relatively strong bargaining power. The supplier power is low as a variety of suppliers are able to offer tours, accommodations and flights. Airlines such as Air New Zealand, Jets star and many other companies have a low bargaining power to travel agencies. The travel agency industry is booming in a profitable market which is attracting new competitors into the market. Nevertheless, the travel agency industry does not set high barriers to new entrants (Franchising Starting a travel agency, 2006). Starting up a new travel agency or buying a franchise are not required for many qualifications and limitations by governments or associations (Franchising Starting a travel agency, 2006). Therefore the low barriers to entry make the threat of new entrants high. The threat of substitute products and services is high. Instead of booking flights and accommodations through travel agencies, some travellers may choose to arrange everything on their own. In some cases, if people just want a fast trip around 2 or 3 days, they do not have to consult with travel agencies. So the travellers could easily substitute the ways of arranging their tours. In terms of the rivalry among existing competitors, there is a great diversity of competitors fighting fiercely to prevent themselves from losing the market shares in the industry. In the booming market, each company is trying to offer the best price and services to retain their customers (Franchising Starting a travel agency, 2006). Service is a key factor to differentiate itself from others and also help companies with keeping the competitive advantages (Franchising Starting a travel agency, 2006). Therefore, the rivalry among existing competitors is high. 5 The current external industry environment for travel agency business in new zealand Conclusions To sum up the report, we can draw conclusions to help investors with making decisions. With an increasing demand in travellers in New Zealand, travel agencies will be always needed to help customers to arrange good trips and the profit can be optimistic under good management. However, in such a fiercely competitive market, understanding the customer needs and keeping up with market movements are quite important to investors. Furthermore, using alternative technology such as internet booking system will reduce the cost and offer more comprehensive information to travellers. Finally, Porter’s 5 Forces analysis will give the investors a clear picture about the relationship with supplier, buyers and competitors. Bear in mind the knowledge of current external travel agency industry, the investors can make their decisions on either choose to establish their own business or buying a franchise of large chains of travel agencies. Word Count: 1,575 6 The current external industry environment for travel agency business in new zealand References Boyes, N. (2010). Travel agency sets up Student Flights brand in city. Waikato Times, 13. Retrieved from Australia/New Zealand Reference Centre. Cheyne, J. , Downes, M. , Legg, S. (2006). Travel agent vs internet: What influences travel consumer choices? Journal of Vacation Marketing, 12(1), 41-58. Retrieved from Business Source Premier Database. Flight Centre forecasts 40pc pre-tax profit increase. (2008). Northern Territory News, 027. Retrieved from Australia/New Zealand Reference Centre. Franchising Starting a travel agency. (2006). Retrieved from http://pinoyfranchising. blogspot. co. nz/2006/09/franchising-starting-travelagency. html Medcalf, G. (2005). Bums on Seats. NZ Marketing Magazine, 23(2), 14-16. Retrieved from Business Source Premier Database. Michael E, P. (2008). The Five Competitive Forces That Shape Strategy. Retrieved from http://hbr. org/2008/01/the-five-competitive-forces-that-shapestrategy/ar/1 New Zealand Tourism Board. (2010). Tourism New Zealand 3 Year Marketing Strategy. New Zealand. Oppermann, M. (1999). Databased marketing by travel agents. Journal of Travel Research, 37(3) , 231. Retrieved from Business Source Premier Database. Travel Agents Association of New Zealand. (2003). Comments to the New Zealand Commerce Commission on the proposed Air New Zealand/Qantas Alliance. Auckland. Travel Agents Association of New Zealand. (2011). Annual Report 2011. Auckland. 7 The current external industry environment for travel agency business in new zealand Research Annotations Research Annotation 1 – A source that I cited in your report Reference Using alternative communication technology with suppliers and consumers can make the workings more efficient (Cheyne, Downes, Legg, 2006) I found the source in Business Source Premier Database. Using the keywords â€Å"Travel agency† as the SU Subject Terms. â€Å"New Zealand† as the Geographic Terms. And â€Å"Profit† as the third key word. This article is useful for my report because it talks about the relationship between travel suppliers and consumers. Also points out the transformation from traditional travel agents to online booking agents. In addition, this article outlines a large demand in travel agencies in New Zealand, as discussed in the Discussion part in this report. Search Strategy Annotation Research Annotation 2 – A source that I cited in your report Reference However, every agency is selling holiday packages with a low profit margin and they need a large number of customers to gain profits in order to survive in the market (Oppermann, 1999). I found the source in Business Source Premier Database. Using the keywords â€Å"Travel agency† as the SU Subject Terms. â€Å"New Zealand† as the Geographic Terms. The article is useful for my report because it talks about travel agencies used data-driven strategies to keep customer loyalty. Also indicates how travel agencies promote the products and how to attract new customers, as discussed in the technology part in this report. Search Strategy Annotation Research Annotation 3 – An academic source that I did not use or cite in your report Reference Search Strategy Annotation For example, some agencies offer face-to-face consultation while some prefer calling to customers. I found the source in Business Source Premier Database. Using the keywords â€Å"Travel agency† as the SU Subject Terms. The article talks about different travel destinations offered by a wide range travel agencies. But I found that all agencies discussed in the article are in America rather than in New Zealand. To comply with the instructions of the report, we can only discuss the external business environment in New Zealand. Therefore, the source is not acceptable for this report.